Accommodation: I recommend staying near the night market. We ate there every night; there were all sorts of snacks, perfect for solo diners. Dunhuang city is small, so getting around is easy.
DAY: Shazhou Night Market. After arriving in Dunhuang by plane, there's an airport shuttle bus to the city center.
Delicious and famous snacks are concentrated in the central part of the night market. You can search for "Shazhou Food Station" to avoid getting lost.
Highly recommend Changluohou Sha Scallion Beef Pancake! The apricot tea is delicious, sweet and sour (personally, I feel that apricot tea from different shops is pretty much the same, just with different levels of sweetness).
DAY: Mogao Grottoes → Mingsha Mountain and Crescent Lake
Transportation: You can take a bus to Mogao Grottoes. The city center-Mogao Grottoes-airport-train station loop (see Figure 2) costs only 5 yuan. It's located opposite the Silk Road Yiyuan Hotel. There's no direct bus from Mogao Grottoes to Mingsha Mountain. You can return to the city center for lunch and then take a taxi to and from Mingsha Mountain (only about ten yuan).
Go to Mogao Grottoes early! Even on weekdays, it's still very crowded. There are queues to enter, queues to watch movies, and queues for guided tours at Mogao Grottoes. I never expected visiting the Mogao Grottoes to be so incredibly tiring. After the guided tour and a quick look at other grottoes, I was completely exhausted. Also, arriving too late means missing the reservation time for special grottoes (11 AM - 2 PM).
Crescent Lake is a must-see; the vast reed beds are especially beautiful.
The distances between attractions on the West and East routes are quite long, so I recommend joining a tour group or hiring a car.
DAY Dunhuang West Route: Silk Road Heritage City (man-made attraction, optional) → Western Thousand Buddha Caves → Yangguan Pass → Yumenguan Pass → Yadan Devil City → Stargazing
We departed at 8 AM and didn't return to the hotel until after 10 PM. Early to rise and late to fall, we saw the sunrise, sunset, and starry sky in one day. (Sunrise is around 8 AM in autumn.)
Pay attention to the weather; choose a sunny day to go. You can see a perfect sunset at Yadan Devil City, and a sky full of stars at night. There are free high-powered telescopes available, and you can even see Saturn's rings.
DAY: Dunhuang East Route: Western Jin Dynasty Mural Tomb → Suoyang City (optional) → Yulin Caves → Sculptures along the way.
Compared to the West Route, the East Route is much easier. We still depart at 8 am and arrived at the hotel around 7 pm.
When visiting Yulin Caves, be sure to see the special caves!! The regular caves are somewhat average.
I booked a day tour for both the East and West routes through the app, Tianyou Travel Agency. There was no mandatory spending, and you could choose to visit each attraction or not. The experience was quite good, with no hidden traps.