Osaka Temperature Guide: 2026 Seasonal Weather, Average Temperatures and Travel Clothing Tips

Author's Profile Picture

by Qthree

August 25, 2026

Best Time to VisitWeatherOsaka
Osaka Temperature

Located in Japan’s Kansai region, Osaka is a lively city shaped by four clearly defined seasons. From hot, energetic summers to crisp, dry winters, each season offers a different travel experience—spring brings cherry blossoms, while autumn paints the city with colorful maple leaves. Whatever weather you enjoy, Osaka delivers something special year-round. Explore Trip.com’s detailed guide for top food spots, attractions, and shopping highlights.

Osaka Temperature: 7-Day Weather Outlook

℃|℉
Today
23 Aug, 2026
27
Mostly clear
27 ~ 37℃
23 Aug, 2026
Mostly clear
27℃ / 37℃
24 Aug, 2026
Partly clear with thunder and rain
27℃ / 36℃
25 Aug, 2026
Mostly cloudy
27℃ / 37℃
26 Aug, 2026
Partly clear
28℃ / 36℃
27 Aug, 2026
Showers
26℃ / 34℃
28 Aug, 2026
Intermittent clouds
25℃ / 33℃
Osaka weather - best times to visit Osaka
23 Aug, 2026 OsakaWeather:Mostly clear.Northeasterly wind:0–10 km/hour.Humidity:78%.Sunrise/sunset:05:24/18:37
OsakaDriving:Suitable.Running:Suitable
Spring and autumn are the best seasons to visit Osaka. From March to May, the weather is warm and comfortable; however you should bring a light jacket along. Plum Blossom season is from June to August, it is hot and humid so remember to bring some lotion to prevent sunburn. September to November is autumn, and it has similar weather as in spring and it could be rather chilly after dusk. December to February is winter and you should plan to bring along winter clothing.
Show more

Osaka Temperature: Typical Weather Conditions in Osaka

Osaka has four distinct seasons: hot, humid summers; dry, cold winters; and pleasantly mild spring and fall—the best times to see cherry blossoms and autumn foliage. The table below details the monthly average weather data to help you prepare when planning your trip.

Month

Average temperature (°C)

Average Rainfall (mm)

January

6°C

45mm

February

7°C

56mm

March

10°C

89mm

April

15°C

109mm

May

19°C

130mm

June

23°C

169mm

July

28°C

137mm

August

30°C

104mm

September

26°C

166mm

October

20°C

80mm

November

14°C

51mm

December

9°C

43mm

Osaka Temperature: Discover Every Season in Osaka | Rent a Car and Drive Safely

Planning to hit Kyoto, Nara, Kobe, and more in one trip? Renting a car and driving yourself is the most flexible and convenient way to get around, without being tied to public transit schedules. It’s especially ideal for families or groups, helping you save both time and transportation costs. Log in to Trip.com now to compare prices from major car rental companies, discover exclusive deals, and make your Kansai journey even more flexible.

Car Rentals
Car Rental Promo Code - 8% Off
New User Enjoy up to 8% Off
TRIPCAR8

Osaka Temperature: Climate Overview and Travel Guide

Osaka sits in Japan’s Kansai region and enjoys a prime location, making it a longtime favorite among Hong Kong travelers. With four distinct seasons, each offering its own scenery and activities, plus an abundance of incredible food and attractions, you’ll feel its unique charm no matter when you visit.

Osaka’s Climate Characteristics

Year-Round Climate Highlights

  • Spring (March–May): Warm and pleasant, with cherry blossoms in full bloom across the city, creating a romantic, picturesque atmosphere—ideal for hanami and photography.
  • Summer (June–August): Hot and humid, with temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F). This lively season is perfect for experiencing authentic summer festivals and enjoying spectacular fireworks displays.
  • Fall (September–November): Crisp, clear days make autumn one of the most comfortable times to visit. Maple trees turn brilliant shades of red and gold, offering stunning scenery in parks and nearby mountains—perfect for sightseeing and photos.
  • Winter (December–February): Cold weather, with temperatures around 6–9°C, and occasional light snowfall. Winter is great for relaxing in hot springs, shopping indoors, and tasting seasonal comfort foods.

Can't-Miss Osaka Experiences

Osaka offers far more than just its climate. Be sure to try local specialties like okonomiyaki, explore the historic Osaka Castle, and stroll through Shinsaibashi and Dotonbori for shopping and nightlife. The city perfectly combines delicious food, rich history, and vibrant energy, ensuring your trip is packed with unforgettable moments.

🌸 Osaka Temperature: Spring (Mar–May) | Mild Weather and Cherry Blossom Season

Spring is one of the most beautiful times to visit Osaka. Temperatures gradually rise from around 50°F (10°C) in early March to about 68°F (20°C) in May, making the weather pleasantly mild. During this time, cherry blossoms burst into full bloom, and spots like Osaka Castle Park and Expo ’70 Commemorative Park are prime for blossom viewing, with scenery that feels romantic and enchanting. Spring also brings more rainfall, and the temperature swing between day and night can be quite large.

  • What to wear: We recommend a light jacket and a long-sleeve top, and be sure to bring rain gear. A pair of comfortable walking shoes is essential for exploring the city.
Osaka Temperature - Osaka Castle

Osaka Temperature - Osaka Castle

4.8/5
4525 reviews
5/5
The charm of this city lies in its perfect blend of the dynamism of nature and the depth of its culture. As you stroll through it, you'll find that the exquisite pavilions and towers don't rise abruptly from the ground, but rather follow the contours of the land and the flow of water, as if they had always been there. Clear waterways meander through the city, reflecting the elegantly arranged eaves and corners. A gentle breeze stirs the water, creating ripples and interplay of light and shadow, perfectly merging the weight of history with the vitality of nature. This design is not only a pursuit of aesthetics but also a reverence for heaven and earth. Walking along the cobblestone paths, flanked by meticulously manicured gardens and naturally growing vegetation, the artificial sculpting and the wildness of nature achieve a wondrous balance, blurring the lines between scenery and painting. This concept of harmonious coexistence allows every visitor to find a sanctuary for their soul amidst the hustle and bustle of the world, to feel the unique tranquility and elegance of this city, as if they themselves have become a stroke in this landscape painting, quietly treasuring this peace and beauty in their hearts with awe and admiration, turning it into the warmest comfort on their journey. In the mountains, just entering late autumn, the air is filled with the sweet fragrance of osmanthus blossoms. As you slowly climb the path lined with old osmanthus trees, the stone slabs under your feet, worn smooth and warm by time, allow your heart, usually tense by the trivialities of daily life, to slowly relax with the fragrance of osmanthus. The higher you go, the more the rolling mountains are dyed in varying shades of gold by autumn, and the distant river, like a shimmering silver ribbon, meanders through fields of rice paddies, the rice ears rippling in waves of gold when the wind blows. There were no crowds along the way, only a few local grandmothers sitting under the trees picking vegetables, warmly inviting you to try their homemade osmanthus sugar. The sweet but not cloying taste spread in your mouth, warming your heart. Standing on the mountaintop and gazing into the distance, I let go of all the worries that had accumulated for so long with the mountain breeze. Only then did I realize that my so-called anxiety was nothing more than trapping myself in a small office. On the way down the mountain, I bought a small bag of fresh osmanthus flowers from a shop at the foot of the mountain. After returning home, I dried them and brewed them into flower tea. For several days in a row, the office was filled with a faint sweet fragrance, making me feel exceptionally relaxed while working.
review picture
5/5
Autumn here is like a palette spilled by God, painting the entire city into a vibrant, richly colored oil painting, breathtakingly beautiful. When the autumn wind blows, the ginkgo leaves don their golden attire, shimmering brilliantly in the sunlight, carpeting every street. Walking on the carpet of fallen leaves, the soft rustling underfoot is autumn's most beautiful symphony. Here, autumn lacks melancholy; instead, it's filled with the joy of harvest and the charm of maturity. The sky is exceptionally high and blue, with lazy clouds drifting by, contrasting beautifully with the golden leaves on the ground, creating a perfect harmony. People stroll through this picturesque landscape, their faces beaming with happiness, as if even the air itself is filled with a sweet fragrance. This seasonal, limited beauty allows one to deeply appreciate the gifts of nature and the cycle of life. Here, you can slow down and capture every moment with your camera, or simply sit quietly on a bench, feeling the gentle autumn breeze on your face, letting your soul be completely cleansed and relaxed in this golden landscape, and treasuring this beauty of autumn forever. The mountains in late autumn are filled with patches of gold and deep red. Walking up the stone path covered with fallen leaves, your footsteps make a crisp sound, slowly releasing all the complex emotions accumulated from daily interactions. The higher you go, the more expansive the scenery becomes. The rolling mountains are painted with distinct layers of autumn colors, the distant fields are golden, and farmers are busy harvesting, their figures moving across the fields, everywhere exuding a down-to-earth atmosphere. Wild persimmon trees along the way are laden with bright red fruits, swaying gently in the mountain breeze like tiny red lanterns. Without excessive commercialization, only the most rustic natural scenery awaits you. Standing on the mountaintop, gazing at the autumn colors covering the entire mountain, I suddenly felt that life is like this mountain climbing process, with its gentle and steep parts. As long as you walk slowly, you will always see your own scenery. On the way down the mountain, I collected a bag full of fallen leaves of various shapes. When I got back, I made a simple collage and hung it on the wall. Every time I see it, I can recall the vast autumn wind on the mountaintop, and my heart is filled with a sense of peace and tranquility.
review picture
5/5
Very beautiful scenery, worth the ticket price.
review picture
5/5
The moment I stepped into the hotel, I was greeted with impeccable attentiveness. There was no extravagant welcome ceremony, nor overly enthusiastic small talk. As soon as I reached the edge of the lobby, a staff member gently approached and took my luggage, their movements as natural as those of a long-time friend. Even the tone of their inquiry was perfectly measured. During check-in, they discreetly offered me a cup of warm herbal tea, which perfectly soothed the heat of my journey. There was no unnecessary sales pitch; they simply reminded me of the buckwheat pillow and humidifier that had been prepared in advance in the room according to my noted preferences. In the following days, staff members I encountered on the street would smile and nod in greeting, never deliberately striking up a conversation, but always appearing silently beside me to offer just the right directions when I reached for a light switch or looked out the window towards the observation deck. This service is like a gentle spring rain, quietly seeping over your clothes. There is no fuss, yet it permeates every detail with thoughtfulness, hiding sincere hospitality in a sense of propriety, and showing a composed and dignified demeanor.
review picture
5/5
Upon entering the room, I was immediately drawn to the gently flowing light and shadow on the walls. A specially designed openwork partition beautifully framed the shadows of the trees outside, and as the leaves swayed in the wind, dappled sunlight danced lightly on the ground like a group of lively little sprites, exuding an indescribable poetic charm. There were no ostentatious displays of precious stone or glaring metal; all the furnishings were understated yet sophisticated. The cashmere bedding felt as soft as clouds, and the handcrafted leather storage boxes displayed a delicate texture, revealing exceptional taste in every detail—understated yet undeniably luxurious. Even more captivating was the clever integration of natural landscape into the room. A few small fish swam in the pond before the floor-to-ceiling windows, and the irises on the bank grew lush and green. A mountain breeze drifted in along the window sill, carrying the fresh, clean scent of grass and trees after the rain, making every breath exceptionally comforting. There was no need to visit any tourist attractions; simply sitting by the window and watching the interplay of light and shadow was enough to feel the meticulous attention to detail, a truly healing experience.
review picture

☀️ Osaka Temperature: Summer (Jun–Aug) | Hot, Humid, and Festival Season

Summer in Osaka is hot and muggy, with temperatures often climbing above 86°F (30°C) and humidity running high. Showers are common this time of year, and June in particular ushers in the rainy season. Despite the heat, it’s a wonderful time to experience traditional festivals like the Tenjin Matsuri and take in dazzling fireworks displays. To beat the heat, consider indoor attractions such as the Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan or the National Museum of Ethnology.

  • What to wear: Opt for light, breathable clothing, and pack a sun hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Don’t forget rain gear, and remember to stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
Osaka Temperature - Tsutenkaku Tower

Osaka Temperature - Tsutenkaku Tower

4.6/5
705 reviews
5/5
It's convenient to buy and use immediately, and cheaper than buying it on-site.
review picture
5/5
It felt a bit expensive, but I had a great time haha.
review picture
5/5
It's nice for a casual look around. I visited because it was within walking distance and went to see the night view, but the slide (?) was closed when I arrived, so I couldn't use it. There is a stamp station inside the observation deck, so my child walked around and collected all the stamps haha. There is a photo booth on the top outdoor level, but please note that you need to get a QR code before going up to the outdoor floor to receive the photo at the observation deck.
review picture
5/5
It was great to be able to tour at a good price. It was also good to be able to do outdoor sightseeing.
review picture
4/5
Not a bad place. Not very high, but there's plenty to see and take photos of.
review picture

🍁Osaka Temperature: Fall (Sep–Nov) | Crisp Weather and Vibrant Autumn Leaves

Autumn brings pleasantly crisp days and lower humidity. Temperatures ease from around 28°C in early September to about 17°C by November—perfect for outdoor adventures. During this time, maple leaves across the city turn golden and brilliant red, and places like Osaka Castle Park and Minoo Park become picture-perfect. It’s the prime season for enjoying the fall foliage.

  • What to wear: Go for lightweight long sleeves, and keep a thin jacket handy for those day-to-night temperature swings.
Osaka Temperatures - Kiyomizu-dera Temple

Osaka Temperatures - Kiyomizu-dera Temple

4.7/5
1896 reviews
5/5
We were there in May and the weather was perfect. We had to walk up Gion path to be rewarded with Kiuomizu-dera Temple. Recommend to wear comfortable shoes as it was a long walk up cobble stones up the hill to get there. Make sure you take your time to find other hidden gems there. It was a treat for us to grab some delicious matcha ice cream on our way back.
review picture
5/5
Kiyomizu-dera is one of the most beautiful temples I visited in Kyoto. The historic wooden stage offers a stunning panoramic view of the city, especially during the spring and autumn seasons. Walking through the temple grounds was peaceful, with traditional buildings, beautiful gardens, and a calm atmosphere. I also enjoyed exploring the charming streets leading to the temple, filled with local snacks, souvenirs, and traditional Japanese shops. The temple’s rich history and impressive architecture made the visit even more meaningful. Although it can get crowded, the experience is well worth it. I recommend visiting early in the morning or later in the afternoon to enjoy a quieter atmosphere and take beautiful photos. It is a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring Kyoto.
review picture
5/5
I’ve been here twice. My first visit was in December 2025, and I was fortunate enough to witness the serene and beautiful atmosphere of Kiyomizu-dera. The weather was extremely cold, so I wasn’t able to wear a yukata as I had hoped. Before leaving, I promised myself that I would come back when the temperature was warmer so I could fully enjoy the experience. Even though I was traveling alone, I had a wonderful time exploring the temple and its surroundings.I returned just last month, and this time the weather was perfect. I finally got to wear a yukata and enjoy Kiyomizu-dera exactly as I had imagined. One of the highlights of my visit was an omikuji (fortune paper), which made the experience feel even more meaningful and memorable. I also received a beautiful goshuin (temple stamp), a special keepsake that I will treasure as a reminder of my visit and the blessings of the temple.The stunning views, peaceful ambiance, and rich cultural traditions make Kiyomizu-dera a truly special place. Whether you’re traveling alone or with others, it’s a destination worth visiting more than once.
review picture
5/5
Stepping into Kiyomizu-dera Temple, the most awe-inspiring sight is undoubtedly the "Kiyomizu Stage," a structure suspended in the mountainside, built without a single nail or piece of iron. Standing on the wooden terrace, the breathtaking scenery of the Kyoto Basin unfolds before your eyes. With the changing seasons, from the blooming cherry blossoms in spring to the vibrant autumn foliage, each season imbues this ancient temple with a different soul. After praying for a good match at Jishu Shrine, and drinking a sip of the clear spring water from Otowa-no-Taki, the solemnity of the combination of architectural craftsmanship and natural Zen washes away the fatigue of your journey. This is not just a popular tourist attraction, but a spiritual sanctuary where one can quietly converse with history—a must-visit in one's lifetime.
review picture
5/5
Kiyomizu-dera temple in Kyoto is highly recommended temple for everyone visiting Kyoto to visit. The temple is at the top of a slope lined with numerous shops on both sides. It is advised to visit either early morning or before the sunset to witness the glory of the setting Sun. The place can be a bit crowded.
review picture

❄️ Osaka Temperature: Winter (Dec–Feb) | Cold, Dry, and Festive Lights

Winter in Osaka is cold and dry, with average temperatures ranging from 41°F to 54°F. It can occasionally dip below freezing, sometimes bringing light snow. During Christmas and New Year, the city’s commercial districts are adorned with dazzling illuminations, creating a festive atmosphere. This season is ideal for shopping, discovering indoor attractions, or relaxing in hot springs.

  • What to wear: Be sure to pack a heavy coat, sweater, thermal underwear, scarf, hat, gloves, and other cold-weather gear.
Osaka Temperature | Universal Studios Japan

Universal Studios Japan

4.7/5
12789 reviews
5/5
It's definitely worth going! All the roller coasters were so much fun!
review picture
5/5
Universal Studios Japan (USJ) is an absolute must-visit in Osaka, offering world-class rides and incredible themed areas you won't find anywhere else. Super Nintendo World and Harry Potter feel exactly like stepping into the screen. I bought admission tickets from Trip.com. It was a breeze, just scanned the digital ticket and I went in. F&b are pricy.
review picture
5/5
Had such an amazing time at USJ🎢✨ I was travelling solo, and the single rider lane was honestly a lifesaver, the queues moved so much faster.And Super Nintendo World… it felt SO unreal. 🍄🎮 Walking into the Mario world was like stepping straight into the game. Definitely one of the highlights of my Osaka trip! 💚❤️
review picture
5/5
If you go to Osaka, be sure to visit Univ.
review picture
5/5
A must-see! A wonderful park, the rides, and the atmosphere are simply amazing! We had the best experience! It was fun and exciting!
review picture

Osaka Temperature: Climate Overview for Osaka, Nara, and Kobe

Thinking about exploring the entire Kansai region in one trip? Osaka, Nara, and Kobe—three popular cities—are close to one another and share a similar climate with four distinct seasons. Use the weather insights below to easily plan your itinerary.

1. Osaka City

Osaka sits in the Kansai region and is Japan’s third-largest city.

  • Year-round average temperature: around 15°C to 20°C
  • Weather Through the Seasons:
    • Spring: Pleasantly mild weather, around 10°C to 20°C.
    • Summer: Hot and humid, about 25°C to 30°C, with frequent rain.
    • Fall: Crisp and pleasant, around 15°C to 25°C.
    • Winter: Cold weather, around 5°C to 10°C, with the occasional chance of snow.

2. Nara City

Nara, one of Japan’s ancient capitals, lies about 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of Osaka.

  • Year-round average temperature: around 14°C to 19°C
  • Weather Through the Seasons:
    • Spring: Pleasant weather, with temperatures around 48°F to 66°F (9°C to 19°C).
    • Summer: Hot, humid, and rainy, with temperatures around 24°C to 29°C.
    • Fall: pleasantly cool and comfortable, around 13°C to 23°C.
    • Winter: cold and dry, around 37°F–48°F (3°C–9°C), with occasional snowfall.

3. Kobe City

Kobe is a port city located about 30 kilometers (19 miles) west of Osaka.

  • Year-round average temperature: around 13°C to 18°C
  • Seasonal Weather:
    • Spring: pleasantly warm and comfortable, about 8°C to 18°C.
    • Summer: Hot and humid, around 24°C to 29°C, with increased rainfall.
    • Autumn: clear skies and refreshing air, around 12°C to 22°C (about 54°F to 72°F).
    • Winter: cold and dry, around 37°F–48°F (3°C–9°C), with occasional snowfall.

Osaka Temperature: Annual Rainfall in Osaka, Nara, and Kobe

Planning a trip to Osaka? Be sure to check the forecast—especially during the rainy season! The Kansai region has four distinct seasons, and monthly rainfall can vary quite a bit. To make planning easier, we’ve rounded up the rainfall patterns for three popular spots—Osaka, Nara, and Kobe—so you can map out your itinerary with confidence.

Overall, these three cities share very similar rainfall patterns: June through July marks the main rainy season (locally known as the “plum rain”), while winter sees the least precipitation.

  • Wettest month: June marks the peak rainfall across all three destinations, averaging 180mm to 200mm—remember to pack rain gear for your trip.
  • Driest months: Winter (January and February) tends to be dry, with the lowest rainfall—averaging only about 30–40 mm.
  • Average annual rainfall:
    • Osaka City: approximately 1,200 mm
    • Nara City: about 1,100 mm
    • Kobe City: about 1000 mm

Tips: Although June is the traditional rainy season, it’s also when hydrangeas (also known as ajisai) are in full bloom, and the scenery takes on a special charm. As you plan your itinerary, factor in the chance of rain and keep your schedule flexible with a mix of indoor and outdoor activities.

Osaka Temperature: Choosing the Best Time to Visit

Osaka enjoys four distinct seasons, each with its own unique allure. There isn’t a single “best” time to visit—it all depends on what you want to experience. Below, we’ve rounded up the highlights of each season to help you plan the trip that suits you best.

SeasonHighlights

Spring (March–May)

Spring is the best time to visit Osaka, with mild temperatures and cherry blossoms in full bloom. Iconic spots like Osaka Castle Park offer perfect scenery for strolls and photos.

Summer (June-August)

Summer in Osaka is hot and humid, but full of energy. Enjoy local festivals, spectacular fireworks, and cool off at beaches or water parks.

Fall (September-November)

Fall in Osaka brings crisp, pleasant weather and vibrant red maple leaves. It’s perfect for sightseeing, enjoying autumn foliage, and tasting seasonal specialties

Winter (December–February)

Winter in Osaka is chilly but festive, with dazzling holiday lights, cozy hot springs, and seasonal comfort foods like hot pot and ramen.

In short, whether you're looking for seasonal flowers, participating in lively festivals, or simply enjoying delicious food and shopping, there's always a good time to visit Osaka.

Osaka Temperature: Overview of Osaka Weather

Osaka Temperatures - Shinsaibashi

Osaka Temperature - Shinsaibashi

Osaka’s weather is dynamic, with four clearly defined seasons. You can enjoy warm, pleasant springs, hot and humid summers, crisp autumn days, and chilly winters. Influenced by both the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, temperatures and rainfall can fluctuate throughout the year.

  • Spring (March–May) brings mild, comfortable days, with temperatures around 15–23°C (59–73°F). Cherry blossoms reach full bloom, making it one of the busiest travel periods. Light showers are common, so carrying a rain jacket or umbrella is recommended.
  • Summer (June–August) is hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from 25–33°C (77–91°F). This is also Osaka’s rainy season, so sudden downpours and occasional typhoons can occur. Sunscreen and staying hydrated are essential if you plan to spend time outdoors.
  • Autumn (September–November) offers clear skies and comfortable temperatures around 18–27°C (64–81°F). Rainfall is minimal, and the colorful maple leaves make it ideal for countryside trips, hiking, and photography.
  • Winter (December–February) is cold and dry, with temperatures from 3–12°C (37–54°F). Snowfall is rare and usually light, but warm clothing such as a down jacket, scarf, and beanie is recommended.

Overall, Osaka’s four seasons each provide unique experiences and activities. Planning your visit around local weather conditions will help you enjoy the city to the fullest, while making sure your clothing and itinerary match the season. The city’s climate adds an unforgettable, colorful layer to any trip.

Osaka Temperature: Tips for Saving Money on Your Trip

Planning a trip to Osaka and hoping to keep costs down? Trip.com has practical, money-saving options for you:

  • Compare airfare and hotel rates: Trip.com helps you easily compare prices across different providers and offers exclusive discounts and promo codes.
  • Book a vacation package: Bundle your flight and hotel into one reservation—it’s usually cheaper than booking them separately.
  • Discover app-only deals: The Trip.com App often offers attraction tickets, along with dining and shopping discount coupons—be sure to check it out before you head out.
  • Check user reviews: Before you book, take a moment to read what other travelers have said—it's a smart way to make sure the service quality meets your expectations and avoid unnecessary extra costs.

All in all, making the most of Trip.com to plan your Osaka trip—from comparing prices to one-stop booking—helps you stick to your budget and travel with total peace of mind.

Osaka Temperature：More Osaka travel guides

FAQs about Osaka Temperature

Disclaimer: This article has been provided by an individual contributor or third party platform. If there is any discrepancy regarding the copyright, please contact us directly and we will delete the content immediately.
Trip.com
>
Flights
>
Osaka Temperature